The word "khali" literally means empty. However, in the field of north Indian music it has a special significance. Here the word implies a wave of the hand. This wave of the hand, along with its counterpart, the clap of the hand, forms the basis for timekeeping in north India. This system of timekeeping is known as "kriya."
The wave of the hand is used to designate the first beats of measures which are only moderately stresses. Therefore, one almost never finds the khali applied to strongly stressed beats like the "sam" (the first beat of the cycle).
The khali is especially important in symmetrical metres such as tintal of 16, beats or dadra of 6 beats. For such symmetrical tals the khali is indispensable for correct orientation. For example, if there were no khali, tintal would be a confusing string of four beat measures and it would be very difficult to find the beginning of the cycle. Therefore, the khali may be thought of as an index.
The khali, along with the tali, form a convenient method by which vocalists may communicate with the tabla player (tabalji, or tabliya) without halting the performance. This allows communication between the artists to continue during the performance without a break in the musical flow.
The most material available is to be found in Chapter 3 of "Advanced Theory of Tabla"
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